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Here are several equations that give a value for body density and percent body fat from skinfold and girth circumference test results, from the research of Dr. Andrew Jackson and M. L. Pollock. The original source reference is given where known.

Once the body density is calculated using the equations below, the level of percent bodyfat (%BF) can be determined using the Siri Equation. See more equations for measuring body fat using skinfold measures.

PERCENT BODY FAT

Males

4-Site Skinfold Equation (for calculating % body fat)

% Body Fat = (0.29288 x sum of skinfolds) – (0.0005 x square of the sum of skinfolds) + (0.15845 x age) – 5.76377, where the skinfold sites (measured in mm) are abdominal, triceps, thigh and suprailiac

Females

4-Site Skinfold Equation

% Body Fat = (0.29669 x sum of skinfolds) – (0.00043 x square of the sum of skinfolds) + (0.02963 x age) + 1.4072, where the skinfold sites (measured in mm) are abdominal, triceps, thigh and suprailiac

3-Site Skinfold Equation

% Body Fat = (0.41563 x sum of skinfolds) – (0.00112 x square of the sum of skinfolds) + (0.03661 x age) + 4.03653, where the skinfold sites (measured in mm) are abdominal, triceps and suprailiac

BODY DENSITY

Males

Equation includes girth measurements

Body Density = 1.0990750 - 0.0008209 (X₂) + 0.0000026 (X₂)² - 0.0002017 (X₃) - 0.005675 (X₄) + 0.018586 (X₅). Where X₂ = sum of the chest, abdomen and thigh skinfolds in mm, X₃ = age in years, X₄ = waist circumference in m, and X₅ = forearm circumference in m.

3-Site Skinfold Equation

Body Density = 1.1125025 - (0.0013125 x sum of chest, triceps and subscapular skinfolds in mm ) + (0.0000055 x square of the sum of chest, triceps and subscapular) - (0.000244 x age)

3-Site Skinfold Equation

Body Density = 1.10938 - (0.0008267 x sum of chest, abdomen and thigh skinfolds in mm ) + (0.0000016 x square of the sum of chest, abdomen and thigh) - (0.0002574 x age)

7-Site Skinfold Equation

Body Density = 1.112 - (0.00043499 x sum of skinfolds) + (0.00000055 x square of the sum of skinfold sites) - (0.00028826 x age), where the skinfold sites (measured in mm) are: Chest, Axilla, Tricep, Subscapular, Abdominal, Suprailiac and Thigh

Females

Equation that includes girth measurements

Body Density = 1. 1470292 - 0.0009376 (X₃) + 0.0000030 (X₃)² - 0.0001156 (X₄) - 0.0005839 (X₅), Where: X₃ = sum of triceps, thigh and suprailiac skinfolds, in mm, X₄ = age in years and X₅ = gluteal circumference in cm.

3-Site Skinfold Equation

Body Density = 1.0994921 - (0.0009929 x sum of triceps, thigh and suprailiac skinfolds) + (0.0000023 x square of the sum of triceps, thigh and suprailiac skinfolds) - (0.0001392 x age)

7-Site Skinfold Equation

Smartmemorycleaner 2 3 0 Mm =

Body Density = 1.097 - (0.00046971 x sum of skinfolds) + (0.00000056 x square of the sum of skinfold sites) - (0.00012828 x age), where the skinfold sites (measured in mm) are: Chest, Axilla, Tricep, Subscapular, Abdominal, Suprailiac and Thigh

References

• Jackson, A. S., & Pollock, M. L. (1978). Generalized equations for predicting body density of men.British Journal of Nutrition, 40, 497-504.
• Jackson, A. S., Pollock, M. L., & Ward, A. (1980). Generalized equations for predicting body density of women.Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 12, 175-182.
• Jackson A S, Pollock, M (1985) Practical assessment of body composition. Physician Sport Med. 13: 76-90

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Related Pages

• More on body density
• About calculating percent bodyfat
• formulas for calculating % Bodyfat - skinfold method
• norms for %bodyfat levels for athletes and the general population
• A discussion about Body Composition Testing
• Videos of Anthropometric Tests including Skinfold Testing.

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Close-up lenses (also called supplementary lenses) screw into the filter mount on the front of the lens that is fitted to your camera, and bring the focusing range of the camera’s lens closer to the camera. The power of close-up lenses is normally specified in dioptres; higher numbers are more powerful. With the camera’s lens focused on infinity and a +1 dioptre close-up lens fitted, the maximum focusing distance becomes 1 metre, with a +2 it becomes 0.5 metres, and with a +4 it becomes 0.25 metres.

Close-up lenses for 35 mm cameras are commonly available with strengths of +1, +2, +3 and +4, but intermediate and higher strengths are also available. The lenses of digital cameras have shorter focal lengths than those for 35 mm cameras, and so they need stronger close-up lenses such as +7 and +10; these are often of too small a diameter and insufficient quality to be used on 35 mm cameras.

Close-up lenses are not usually corrected for optical aberrations, so you need to stop down the camera lens to at least f/8. The effects on image quality are greater with camera lenses of longer focal length, so better quality (and much more expensive) close-up lenses are needed for telephoto lenses and for roll-film cameras. Two-element achromatic close-up lenses are available: Nikon produce +1.5 and +2.9, Canon produce +2 and +4, and Hoya produce +10. Specially-matched close-up lenses are available for some macro lenses and medical lenses.

You can use two close-up lenses at a time, with the stronger one closer to the camera lens. The effect is additive, so a combination of a +1 and a +2 has the same power as a +3 close-up lens. Combining close-up lenses makes the drop in quality worse.

Close-up lenses are cheap, easy to use, cause no exposure problems, and do not darken the viewfinder, but they cannot match the quality of a macro lens. They are readily available, and are made by camera manufacturers and by independent companies.

The following tables show the subject area, working distance and magnification with the camera lens focused at infinity and at its closest distance. Focusing at closer distances gives greater magnification, shorter working distance and smaller subject area.

Close-up lenses with 50 mm lens on 35 mm camera (infinity focus)

Dioptres	Focal length	Working distance	Subject size	Magnification
+1	1000 mm	1000 mm	720 × 480 mm	0.05
+2	500 mm	500 mm	360 × 240 mm	0.1
+2.5	400 mm	400 mm	288 × 192 mm	0.125
+3	333 mm	333 mm	240 × 160 mm	0.15
+4	250 mm	250 mm	180 × 120 mm	0.2
+10	100 mm	100 mm	72 × 48 mm	0.5

Close-up lenses with 50 mm lens on 35 mm camera (closest focus)

Dioptres	Focal length	Working distance	Subject size	Magnification
none	360 mm	237 × 158 mm	0.15
+1	1000 mm	264 mm	176 × 117 mm	0.21
+2	500 mm	210 mm	140 × 93 mm	0.26
+2.5	400 mm	184 mm	125 × 83 mm	0.29
+3	333 mm	172 mm	117 × 78 mm	0.31
+4	250 mm	146 mm	99 × 66 mm	0.36
+10	100 mm	74 mm	53 × 35 mm	0.69

Range of magnifications with 50 mm lens on 35 mm camera

Dioptres	Magnification
	0.05	0.10	0.15	0.20	0.25	0.30	0.35
none
+1
+2
+3
+4

Calculations for digital cameras must be based on the actual focal length of the camera lens, not the commonly-quoted 35 mm equivalent. Digital cameras do not all have the same chip size, so the subject area can only be approximate; the ones given were measured with a Kodak DC-4800.

Close-up lenses with 18 mm lens on digital camera

Smartmemorycleaner 2 3 0 Mm Equals

Dioptres	Focal length	Working distance	Subject size	Magnification
+4	250 mm	250 mm	108 × 72 mm	0.07
+7	143 mm	143 mm	62 × 41 mm	0.126
+10	100 mm	100 mm	45 × 30 mm	0.18
+10 plus +7	59 mm	59 mm	27 × 18 mm	0.305

Good points

• Small, light weight, easily portable
• Not expensive
• Don’t affect exposure
• Don’t darken SLR’s viewfinder or digital camera’s LCD screen
• Autofocus still works

Bad points

• Can’t be used at wide apertures
• Awkward to add, remove and combine in order to change magnification
• Definition not as good as a macro lens
• May need more than one for camera lenses with different filter sizes

See alsoVariable close-up lenses