• Oxygen 21 Percent
• Oxygen 2+
• Oxygen 2

Eclipse IDE Oxygen 2 Packages. Eclipse IDE for Java EE Developers. 331 MB; 917,292 DOWNLOADS; Tools for Java developers creating Java EE and Web applications, including a Java IDE, tools for Java EE, JPA, JSF, Mylyn, EGit and others. Windows 32-bit 64-bit Mac Cocoa. A major bummer in Oxygen 2.0 is not being able to set the HTML tags for elements like Sections. With Oxygen 2.1, we can set the HTML tag from a dropdown depending on the type of the element (Section, Div, Text, Code Block). Section elements will be a section tag by default. Header Builder element will automatically be a header tag. OnePlus 2 has just received a new update that supports RAW support and security updates. Here today, we will help you install OxygenOS 2.2.1 on OnePlus 2.

Included in BI Tools, BI Tools 2 and BI Tools 2.5. Description Description: Oxygen 2 is a model editing tool made by BIStudio's. Oxygen 2 is the successor to Oxygen Light. Note that Oxygen 2 has been replaced by Object Builder for Arma 3. Usage Line call: Oxygen2.exe Licenses Licensing: Bohemia Interactive End User License Agreement See also. For example, water is always composed of a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms, and ethanol (ethyl alcohol) is always composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 2:6:1 ratio. However, this does not determine the kind of molecule uniquely – dimethyl ether has the same ratios as ethanol, for instance.

Respiratory failure results from inadequate gas exchange by the respiratory system, meaning that the arterial oxygen, carbon dioxide or both cannot be kept at normal levels. A drop in the oxygen carried in blood is known as hypoxemia; a rise in arterial carbon dioxide levels is called hypercapnia. Respiratory failure is classified as either Type 1 or Type 2, based on whether there is a high carbon dioxide level, and can be either acute or chronic. The definition of respiratory failure in clinical trials usually includes increased respiratory rate, abnormal blood gases (hypoxemia, hypercapnia, or both), and evidence of increased work of breathing. Respiratory failure causes an altered mental status due to ischemia in the brain.^[1]

The normal partial pressure reference values are: oxygen PaO₂ more than 80 mmHg (11 kPa), and carbon dioxide PaCO₂ less than 45 mmHg (6.0 kPa). ^[2]

Cause[edit]

Several types of conditions can potentially result in respiratory failure:

• Conditions which reduce the flow of air into and out of the lungs, including physical obstruction by foreign bodies or masses, and reduced breathing ability due to drugs or changes to the chest.
• Conditions that impair the lungs' blood supply. These include thromboembolic conditions and conditions that reduce the output of the right heart, such as right heart failure and some myocardial infarctions.
• Conditions which limit the ability of the lung tissue to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the air within the lungs. Any disease which can damage the lung tissue can fit into this category. The most common causes are (in no particular order) infections, interstitial lung disease, and pulmonary oedema.

Diagnosis[edit]

Type 1[edit]

Type 1 respiratory failure is defined as a low level of oxygen in the blood (hypoxemia) with either a normal (normocapnia) or low (hypocapnia) level of carbon dioxide (P_aCO₂) but not an increased level (hypercapnia). It is typically caused by a ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch; the volume of air flowing in and out of the lungs is not matched with the flow of blood to the lungs. The basic defect in type 1 respiratory failure is failure of oxygenation characterized by:

This type of respiratory failure is caused by conditions that affect oxygenation such as:

• Low ambient oxygen (e.g. at high altitude)
• Ventilation-perfusion mismatch (parts of the lung receive oxygen but not enough blood to absorb it, e.g. pulmonary embolism)
• Alveolar hypoventilation (decreased minute volume due to reduced respiratory muscle activity, e.g. in acute neuromuscular disease); this form can also cause type 2 respiratory failure if severe
• Diffusion problem (oxygen cannot enter the capillaries due to parenchymal disease, e.g. in pneumonia or ARDS)
• Shunt (oxygenated blood mixes with non-oxygenated blood from the venous system, e.g. right to left shunt)

Type 2[edit]

Hypoxemia (PaO2 <8kPa or normal) with hypercapnia (PaCO2 >6.0kPa).

The basic defect in type 2 respiratory failure is characterized by:

Type 2 respiratory failure is caused by inadequate alveolar ventilation; both oxygen and carbon dioxide are affected. Defined as the buildup of carbon dioxide levels (P_aCO₂) that has been generated by the body but cannot be eliminated. The underlying causes include:

• Increased airways resistance (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, suffocation)
• Reduced breathing effort (drug effects, brain stem lesion, extreme obesity)
• A decrease in the area of the lung available for gas exchange (such as in chronic bronchitis)
• Neuromuscular problems (Guillain–Barré syndrome,^[3]motor neuron disease)
• Deformed (kyphoscoliosis), rigid (ankylosing spondylitis), or flail chest.^[3]

Types 3 and 4 - https://www.thoracic.org/professionals/clinical-resources/critical-care/clinical-education/mechanical-ventilation/respiratory-failure-mechanical-ventilation.pdf-https://www.physio-pedia.com/Respiratory_Failure-https://www.mcgill.ca/criticalcare/teaching/files/acute

Treatment[edit]

Treatment of the underlying cause is required, if possible. This may involve medication such as bronchodilators (for airways disease), antibiotics (for infections), glucocorticoids (for numerous causes), diuretics (for pulmonary edema), amongst others.^{[citation needed]} Respiratory failure resulting from an overdose of opioids may be treated with the antidote naloxone. In contrast, most benzodiazepine overdose does not benefit from its antidote, flumazenil.^[4]Respiratory therapy/respiratory physiotherapy may be beneficial in some causes of respiratory failure.^{[citation needed]}

Oxygen 21 Percent

Type 1 respiratory failure may require oxygen therapy to achieve adequate oxygen saturations.^[5] Lack of response to oxygen may be an indication for other modalities such as heated humidified high-flow therapy, continuous positive airway pressure or (if severe) endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation.^{[citation needed]}

Type 2 respiratory failure often requires non-invasive ventilation (NIV), unless medical therapy can improve the situation.^[6] Mechanical ventilation is sometimes indicated immediately, or otherwise if NIV fails.^[6]Respiratory stimulants such as doxapram are now rarely used.^[7]

There is tentative evidence that in those with respiratory failure identified before arrival in hospital, continuous positive airway pressure can be useful when started before conveying to hospital.^[8]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^Tulaimat, A; Patel, A; Wisniewski, M; Gueret, R (August 2016). 'The validity and reliability of the clinical assessment of increased work of breathing in acutely ill patients'. Journal of Critical Care. 34: 111–5. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.04.013. PMID27288621.
2. ^'Respiratory Failure'.
3. ^ ^abBurt, Christiana C.; Arrowsmith, Joseph E. (1 November 2009). 'Respiratory failure'. Surgery (Oxford). 27 (11): 475–479. doi:10.1016/j.mpsur.2009.09.007.
4. ^Sivilotti, Marco L.A. (March 2016). 'Flumazenil, naloxone and the 'coma cocktail''. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 81 (3): 428–436. doi:10.1111/bcp.12731. PMC4767210. PMID26469689.
5. ^O'Driscoll, B R; Howard, L S; Earis, J; Mak, V (May 2017). 'British Thoracic Society Guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings'. BMJ Open Respiratory Research. 4 (1): e000170. doi:10.1136/bmjresp-2016-000170. PMC5531304. PMID28883921.
6. ^ ^abRochwerg, Bram; Brochard, Laurent; Elliott, Mark W.; Hess, Dean; Hill, Nicholas S.; Nava, Stefano; Navalesi, Paolo; Antonelli, Massimo; Brozek, Jan (August 2017). 'Official ERS/ATS clinical practice guidelines: noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure'. European Respiratory Journal. 50 (2): 1602426. doi:10.1183/13993003.02426-2016. PMID28860265.
7. ^Greenstone, M.; Lasserson, T. J. (2003). 'Doxapram for ventilatory failure due to exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease'. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1): CD000223. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000223. PMID12535393.
8. ^Bakke, SA; Botker, MT; Riddervold, IS; Kirkegaard, H; Christensen, EF (22 November 2014). 'Continuous positive airway pressure and noninvasive ventilation in prehospital treatment of patients with acute respiratory failure: a systematic review of controlled studies'. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine. 22 (1): 69. doi:10.1186/s13049-014-0069-8. PMC4251922. PMID25416493.

External links[edit]

Oxyhydrogen is a mixture of hydrogen (H₂) and oxygen (O₂) gases. This gaseous mixture is used for torches to process refractory materials and was the first^[1]gaseous mixture used for welding. Theoretically, a ratio of 2:1 hydrogen:oxygen is enough to achieve maximum efficiency; in practice a ratio 4:1 or 5:1 is needed to avoid an oxidizing flame.^[2]

This mixture may also be referred to as Knallgas (Scandinavian and German Knallgas: 'bang-gas'), although some authors define knallgas to be a generic term for the mixture of fuel with the precise amount of oxygen required for complete combustion, thus 2:1 oxyhydrogen would be called 'hydrogen-knallgas'.^[3]

'Brown's gas' and HHO are terms for oxyhydrogen mainly encountered in fringe science.^[4]

Properties[edit]

Oxyhydrogen will combust when brought to its autoignition temperature. For the stoichiometric mixture, 2:1 hydrogen:oxygen, at normal atmospheric pressure, autoignition occurs at about 570 °C (1065 °F).^[5] The minimum energy required to ignite such a mixture with a spark is about 20 microjoules.^[5] At standard temperature and pressure, oxyhydrogen can burn when it is between about 4% and 95% hydrogen by volume.^[6][5]

When ignited, the gas mixture converts to water vapor and releases energy, which sustains the reaction: 241.8 kJ of energy (LHV) for every mole of H₂ burned. The amount of heat energy released is independent of the mode of combustion, but the temperature of the flame varies.^[7] The maximum temperature of about 2,800 °C (5,100 °F) is achieved with an exact stoichiometric mixture, about 700 °C (1,300 °F) hotter than a hydrogen flame in air.^[8][9][10]When either of the gases are mixed in excess of this ratio, or when mixed with an inert gas like nitrogen, the heat must spread throughout a greater quantity of matter and the temperature will be lower.^[7]

Production[edit]

A pure stoichiometric mixture may be obtained by water electrolysis, which uses an electric current to dissociate the water molecules:

electrolysis: 2 H₂O → 2 H₂ + O₂

combustion: 2 H₂ + O₂ → 2 H₂O

William Nicholson was the first to decompose water in this manner in 1800. In theory, the input energy of a closed system will always equal the output energy, as the first law of thermodynamics states. However, in practice no systems are perfectly closed, and the energy required to generate the oxyhydrogen will always exceed the energy released by combusting it, even at maximum practical efficiency, as the second law of thermodynamics implies (see Electrolysis of water#Efficiency).

Applications[edit]

Lighting[edit]

Many forms of oxyhydrogen lamps have been described, such as the limelight, which used an oxyhydrogen flame to heat a piece of lime to white hotincandescence.^[11] Because of the explosiveness of the oxyhydrogen, limelights have been replaced by electric lighting.

Oxyhydrogen blowpipe[edit]

The foundations of the oxy-hydrogen blowpipe were laid down by Carl Wilhelm Scheele and Joseph Priestley around the last quarter of the eighteenth century. The oxy-hydrogen blowpipe itself was developed by the Frenchman Bochard-de-Saron, the EnglishmineralogistEdward Daniel Clarke and the AmericanchemistRobert Hare in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.^[12] It produced a flame hot enough to melt such refractory materials as platinum, porcelain, fire brick, and corundum, and was a valuable tool in several fields of science.^[13] It is used in the Verneuil process to produce synthetic corundum.^[14]

Oxyhydrogen torch[edit]

An oxyhydrogen torch (also known as hydrogen torch) is an oxy-gas torch that burns hydrogen (the fuel) with oxygen (the oxidizer). It is used for cutting and welding^[15]metals, glasses, and thermoplastics.^[11]

Due to competition from arc welding and the acetylene-fueled cutting torch, the oxyhydrogen torch is seldom used today, but it remains the preferred cutting tool in some niche applications (see oxy-fuel welding and cutting).

Oxyhydrogen was once used in working platinum, because at the time, only it could burn hot enough to melt the metal 1,768.3 °C (3,214.9 °F).^[7] These techniques have been superseded by the electric arc furnace.

Oxygen 2+

Fringe science [edit]

Brown's gas is associated with various exaggerated claims.^[16][17] It is often called 'HHO gas', a term popularized by fringe physicist^[18]Ruggero Santilli, who claimed that his HHO gas, produced by a special apparatus, is 'a new form of water', with new properties, based on his fringe theory of 'magnecules'.^[17]

Many other pseudoscientific claims have been made about Brown's gas, like an ability to neutralize radioactive waste, help plants to germinate, and more.^[17] However, it is well known that hydrogen ions form the basis of pH balance in any solution, which can explain why this form of water may help seeds to obtain their germinated states in some cases.^[19]

Oxyhydrogen is often mentioned in conjunction with vehicles that claim to use water as a fuel. The most common and decisive counter-argument against producing this gas on board to use as a fuel or fuel additive is that more energy is always needed to split water molecules than is recouped by burning the resulting gas.^[16][20] Additionally, the volume of gas that can be produced for on-demand consumption through electrolysis is very small in comparison to the volume consumed by an internal combustion engine.^[21]

An article in Popular Mechanics reported that Brown's gas does not increase the fuel economy in automobiles.^[22]

'Water-fueled' cars should not be confused with hydrogen-fueled cars, where the hydrogen is produced elsewhere and used as fuel or where it is used as fuel enhancement.

References[edit]

1. ^Howard Monroe Raymond (1916), 'Oxy-Hydrogen Welding', Modern Shop Practice volume 1, American Technical Society, archived from the original on March 6, 2011
2. ^Viall, Ethan (1921). Gas Torch and Thermite Welding. McGraw-Hill. p. 10. Archived from the original on August 3, 2016.
3. ^W. Dittmar, 'Exercises in quantitative chemical analysis', 1887, p. 189Archived June 27, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
4. ^'Eagle Research Institute - Brown's Gas - Myth-conceptions'. Archived from the original on April 18, 2019. Retrieved July 11, 2018.
5. ^ ^abcO'Connor, Ken. 'Hydrogen'(PDF). NASA Glenn Research Center Glenn Safety Manual(PDF). Archived from the original on February 2, 2013.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
6. ^Moyle, Morton; Morrison, Richard; Churchill, Stuart (March 1960). 'Detonation Characteristics of Hydrogen Oxygen Mixtures'(PDF). AIChE Journal. 6: 92–96. doi:10.1002/aic.690060118. hdl:2027.42/37308.
7. ^ ^abcChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). 'Oxyhydrogen Flame' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 424.
8. ^Calvert, James B. (April 21, 2008). 'Hydrogen'. University of Denver. Archived from the original on April 18, 2009. Retrieved April 23, 2009. An air-hydrogen torch flame reaches 2045 °C, while an oxyhydrogen flame reaches 2660 °C.
9. ^'Adiabatic Flame Temperature'. The Engineering Toolbox. Archived from the original on January 28, 2008. Retrieved April 23, 2009.'Oxygen as Oxidizer: 3473 K, Air as Oxidizer: 2483 K'
10. ^'Temperature of a Blue Flame'. Archived from the original on March 16, 2008. Retrieved April 5, 2008.'Hydrogen in air: 2,400 K, Hydrogen in Oxygen: 3,080 K'
11. ^ ^abTilden, William Augustus (1926). Chemical Discovery and Invention in the Twentieth Century. Adamant Media Corporation. p. 80. ISBN978-0-543-91646-4.
12. ^Hofmann, A. W. (1875). 'Report on the Development of the Chemical Arts During the Last Ten Years'. Chemical News. Manufacturing chemists.
13. ^Griffin, John Joseph (1827). A Practical Treatise on the Use of the Blowpipe in Chemical and Mineral Analysis. Glasgow: R. Griffin & co.
14. ^'Verneuil process'. Encyclopaedia Britannica. October 22, 2013. Retrieved July 11, 2018.
15. ^P. N. Rao (2001), '24.4 Oxyhydrogen welding', Manufacturing technology: foundry, forming and welding (2 ed.), Tata McGraw-Hill Education, pp. 373–374, ISBN978-0-07-463180-5, archived from the original on June 27, 2014
16. ^ ^abBall, Philip (September 10, 2007). 'Burning water and other myths'. News@nature. Springer Nature. doi:10.1038/news070910-13. ISSN1744-7933. S2CID129704116.
17. ^ ^abcBall, Philip (2006). 'Nuclear waste gets star attention'. News@nature. doi:10.1038/news060731-13. ISSN1744-7933. S2CID121246705.
18. ^Weimar, Carrie (May 7, 2007). 'Snubbed By Mainstream, Scientist Sues'. St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved February 3, 2011.
19. ^Poel, L. W. (April 1949). 'Germination and Development of Heather and the Hydrogen Ion Concentration of the Medium'. Nature. 163 (4147): 647–648. Bibcode:1949Natur.163..647P. doi:10.1038/163647b0. ISSN1476-4687. S2CID4124043.
20. ^Schadewald, R.J. (2008). Worlds of Their Own: A Brief History of Misguided Ideas: Creationism, Flat-Earthism, Energy Scams, and the Velikovsky Affair. Xlibris US. ISBN978-1-4628-1003-1. Retrieved July 11, 2018.
21. ^Simpson, Bruce (May 2008). 'The proof that HHO is a scam'. Aardvark Daily. Archived from the original on February 11, 2012. Retrieved February 12, 2012.
22. ^Water-Powered Cars: Hydrogen Electrolyzer Mod Can't Up MPGsArchived March 20, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Mike Allen, August 7, 2008, Popularmechanics.com

Oxygen 2